Tag: Wooden

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Teak Forest in Java Indonesia

Teak Forest Distribution Area in Java Indonesia
picture BUMN.go.id

As early as 1927, Teak Forest Distribution Area in Java Indonesia were recorded to be widely distributed in the North Limestone Mountains and Kendeng Mountains and Muria Mountains, from Jepara district to the eastern end of Probolinggo district. However, teak forests are most widely spread in the provinces of Central Java and East Java, which are up to an altitude of 650 meters above sea level. Only in the Besuki area does teak grow no more than 200 meters above sea level.

In these two provinces, teak forests are often formed naturally due to the monsoon climate which causes periodic forest fires. Teak forest which is quite extensive in Java is centralized and the largest is in the forest area of Blora Regency, Grobogan, Cepu and Bojonegoro Regencies. In fact, teak with the best quality and has been recognized by the international furniture world is produced from the Blora and Grobogan Regencies, Central Java. Both areas have their respective advantages.

Teak from the Blora area is favored by furniture craftsmen because straight teak fibers are especially for export quality flooring materials, while Teak from Grobogan Regency is favored by teak wood house craftsmen for joglo materials or residents’ houses because it is the strongest and has the highest density compared to teak from other areas and various crown fibers.

This can be proven by the many discoveries of ancient teak (pendem wood) that are thousands of years old from the forests around Grobogan, Blora to Cepu. Javanese teak, especially Central Java and East Java, is the most preferred by the international community, especially in 4 season countries in Europe and America because only the best quality teak can survive in 4 different seasons.

Currently, most of the teak forest land in Java is managed by Perhutani, a state-owned public company in the forestry sector. In 2003, Perhutani’s forest area covered almost a quarter of the island of Java. Perhutani’s teak forest area in Java reaches around 1.5 million hectares. This is almost equivalent to half the forest area of Perhutani or about 11% of the total area of the island of Java dwipa. Teak Forest in Java Indonesia

Source wikipedia.org

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Teak Forest in Indonesia

Teak forest in Indonesia

Teak forest in Indonesia , apart from Java and Muna, teak is also developed in Bali and Nusa Tenggara.

In recent years, there have been efforts to develop teak in South Sumatra and South Kalimantan. The results are less than encouraging. Teak dies after two or three years. The problem is, the soil in these two places is very acidic. Teak itself is a type that requires large amounts of calcium, as well as phosphorus. In addition, teak requires abundant sunlight.

Now, outside Java, we can find teak forest in limited places in Sulawesi Island, Muna Island, Bima area on Sumbawa Island, and Buru Island. Teak also develops in the Lampung area on the island of Sumatra.

In 1817, Raffles noted that teak forests were not found in the Malay Peninsula or Sumatra or adjacent islands. Teak only thrives in Java and a number of small islands to the east, namely Madura, Bali and Sumbawa. The hills in the northeastern part of Bima on Sumbawa were completely covered by teak at that time.

Heyne, in 1671, recorded the presence of teak in Sulawesi, although only at a few points in the eastern part. There are about 7,000 ha on Muna Island and 1,000 ha in the interior of Butung Island in Sampolawa Bay. Heyne suspects that real teak is also found on Kabaena Island, as well as in Rumbia and Poleang, in Southeast Sulawesi. Recent DNA analysis shows that teak in Southeast Sulawesi is a branch of the development of Javanese teak.

Teak grown in South Sulawesi was only planted in the 1960s and 1970s. At that time, much of the land in Billa, Soppeng, Bone, Sidrap, and Enrekang was being reforested. In Billa, the current growth of teak trees is not inferior to that in Java. The diameter of the trunk can exceed 30 cm. Teak forest in Indonesia

Source wikipedia.org

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Teak Wood Ecological Properties

Teak wood Ecological properties and distribution

Teak wood Ecological Properties and Distribution is widespread from India, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Indochina, to Java. Teak grows in deciduous forests which is drop their leaves in the dry season.

According to some botanists, Teak is a species native to Burma, which then spread to Peninsular India, Thailand, the Philippines, and Java. Other botanists consider teak to be a species native to Burma, India, Thailand and Laos.

Around 70% of the world’s teak needs are currently supplied by Burma. The remaining needs are supplied by India, Thailand, Java, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. However, the world’s only supply of natural teak forests comes from Burma. In Africa and the Caribbean are also widely kept.

Teak is the most widely distributed in Asia. In addition to the four countries of origin of teak and Indonesia, teak was developed as a plantation forest in Sri Lanka (since 1680), China (early 19th century), Bangladesh (1871), Vietnam (early 20th century), and Malaysia (1909).

A suitable climate is one that has a marked, but not too long, dry season, with rainfall between 1200–3000 mm per year and with moderately high light intensity throughout the year. The optimal altitude is between 0 – 700 m above sea level; although teak can grow up to 1300 m above sea level.

Teak stands often look like similar forests, namely forests that seem to consist of only one type of tree.

This can happen in monsoon climates that are so dry, land fires are easy and most tree species will die at that time. Not so with teak. Teak is a pioneer species that is fire resistant because of its thick bark. Moreover, teak fruit has a thick skin and a hard shell. To some extent, if burned, the teak seed institutions are not damaged. Damage to the teak seed shell actually makes it easier for teak shoots to come out when the rainy season arrives.

The broad leaves and teak branches that cover the soil decay slowly, making it difficult for other plants to grow. The fall also gets fuel that can start fires —which teak can but not many other types of trees. Thus, forest fires that are not too large actually result in the process of refining teak stands: teak seeds are encouraged to germinate, while other tree species die.

Suitable soil is slightly alkaline, with a pH between 6-8, nest (has good aeration), contains quite a lot of lime (Ca, calcium) and phosphorus (P). Teak is not waterlogged.

In the past, teak was considered a foreign species that was introduced (introduced) to Java; planted by Hindus thousands of years ago. According to T. Altona, the first teak planting was carried out by Hindus who came to Java. So impressed, teak was imported by Hindus or the Hindu country is the original place of teak. This opinion is reinforced by a botanist, Charceus who says that teak on the island of Java comes from India which was brought from 1500 BC to the 7th century AD.

This controversy was later answered by research on genetic markers using the isoenzyme technique / isozyme variation testing conducted by Kertadikara in 1994. The results showed that teak grown in Indonesia (Java) is a native species. Teak in Java has evolved from tens to hundreds of thousands of years ago (Mahfudz et al., t.t.). This teak undergoes a special adaptation mechanism according to climatic and edaphic conditions that developed tens to hundreds of thousands of years since the quarternary and pleistocene times in Southeast Asia. Because of the value of the wood, teak is now also being developed outside its natural distribution area. In tropical Africa, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific and Taiwan. Teak wood Ecological Properties and Distribution

 

 

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Teak Wood Habitat

Teak wood habitat

Teak wood habitat grow in areas with rainfall of 1 500 – 2 000 mm/year and a temperature of 27 – 36 °C both in the lowlands and highlands. The best place for teak growth is soil with a pH of 4.5 – 7 and not flooded with water. Teak has wide elliptical leaves and can reach 30-60 cm when mature.

Teak is a type of large tree, straight trunk, can grow to a height of 50-70 m. Large leaves, which fall in the dry season. Teak is known to the world by the name of teak (English). The name is derived from thekku (തേക്ക്) in Malayalam, the language of the southern Indian state of Kerala. The scientific name of teak is Tectona grandis L.f.

Teak is slow growing with low germination (usually less than 50%) which makes natural propagation difficult and thus insufficient to cover the demand for teak. Teak is usually produced conventionally using seeds. However, the production of large quantities of seeds in a certain time is limited due to the hard outer layer of the seeds. Several alternatives have been made to overcome this layer such as soaking the seeds in water, heating the seeds over low heat or hot sand, and adding acids, bases, or bacteria. However, this alternative is still not optimal to produce teak in a fast time and in large quantities.

In general, Teak that is in the process of seeding is susceptible to several diseases, including leaf spot disease caused by Phomopsis sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria sp., and Curvularia sp., leaf rust caused by Olivea tectonea, and powdery mildew caused by Uncinula tectonae. Phomopsis sp. is the most common infection, 95% of seedlings were infected in 1993-1994. The infection occurs in seedlings aged 2-8 months. The characterization of this infection is the presence of light brown necrosis on the leaf margins which then gradually spreads to the midrib, the infection then spreads to the top of the leaf, petiole, and stem tip which causes the leaf part of the stem to dry out. If not recognized and not controlled, infection from Phomopsis sp. will spread to all the seeds so that the teak planting process cannot be carried out. Teak wood habitat

(source wikipedia.org